Compressible rotor for a fluid pump

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a rotor for a fluid pump, in particular for use in the medical sphere, the rotor being compressible for bringing to the place of use and thereafter being expandable. The compressibility is assisted by the provision of cavities, in particular also production of the rotor at least partially from a foam.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/688,187, filed Nov. 19, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/236,757, filed Aug. 15, 2016, abandoned, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/261,213, filedMay 16, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,416,783, issued Aug. 16, 2016, whichis a National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of InternationalApplication No. PCT/EP2010/005871, filed Sep. 22, 2010, published inEnglish, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/244,614, filed Sep. 22, 2009, and European Patent Application No.09075438.3, filed Sep. 22, 2009. The disclosures of each of theforegoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention resides in the field of mechanical engineering, inparticular precision engineering, and relates to rotors for fluid pumps.

Rotary pumps are common knowledge but these are constantly beingimproved, in particular for special applications. Thus axial pumps havebecome known which have a rotor conveying fluid in the axial directionin a housing, rotor and housing being deformable, advantageouslycompressible, in order to bring these before operation to a desiredplace of use which is difficult to access and in order to decompress andoperate them there.

Such pumps are used for example in medicine in microconstruction form inorder to be introduced into the body of a patient, for example via thebloodstream, and to be operated there either in a blood vessel or in aventricle.

The pumps can be compressed such that they can be pushed through theblood vessel and then possibly decompressed in a larger body cavity inorder to bring the rotor to unfold and to achieve a high conveyingpower.

A compressible rotor is known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 6,860,713.

Another rotor is known from U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,181 B2. The knownsolutions are based either on the elasticity and deformability of thematerial of the rotor or on mechanical constructions, such as theprovision of bent places or joints for folding and unfolding theindividual components.

Such constructions often have the disadvantage that the compressibilityis limited since for example the hub of a rotor remains unchanged, thatcomplex joints must be provided which are stabilised during operationand that partially super-elastic materials are used, such as memoryalloys which change their shape as a function of the ambienttemperature.

These constructions often make the use of composite materials necessary,and it is difficult, during construction of support constructions, notto impede the flow of the fluid to be conveyed and possibly to precludeas far as possible also damage to the fluid. This is important inparticular when conveying blood which contains highly functional andalso mechanically susceptible components.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object underlying the invention against the background of the stateof the art is to produce a rotor in the simplest possible manner, whichhas a constructionally simple structure, is compressible reversibly to ahigh degree and is reliable in operation.

The object is achieved according to the invention by the features ofpatent claim 1.

The rotor according to the invention for a fluid pump has at least oneblade and at least one deformable cavity which is filled or can befilled with a fluid.

As a result, a volume compressibility of the rotor is produced, whichleads per se, during compression, already to a reduction in the rotorvolume and possibly the rotor diameter. In addition, the variouscomponents of the rotor, such as for example blades, can still be bentand pressed in the direction of the rotor axis in order to reduce thediameter further.

The rotor is hence distinguished by a material mixture or a materialwhich can be converted by compression from a first, lower density orfrom a first, lower specific weight to a second, higher density or ahigher specific weight. The cavities can thereby be closed and filledwith a gas, such as for example air or nitrogen, or a noble gas oranother bioinert gas which can be compressed easily in volume bypressure,

Such closed cavities tend to expand again in the absence of an externalpressure force due to the gas elasticity so that the rotor, as soon asit is brought to the place of use, can unfold again automatically. Atleast the unfolding movement is assisted however by the gas elasticity.

In addition, gas lines to the rotor can however be provided, which gaslines end in one or more cavities and actively allow the cavities to bepumped up. The gas for the compression can possibly also be suctionedout via the same lines.

Likewise, the operation can take place with a liquid if this isintroduced into the cavities. If a liquid is situated in the cavities,then this is normally very much less compressible but, due to suitablechoice of the viscosity in cooperation with the remaining constructionalparts of the rotor, it can enable high moveability and hencecompressibility and nevertheless support a certain rotor stabilityduring operation due to the incompressibility after unfolding of therotor.

The cavities can also have an open design, hence high compressibilitylikewise being provided. The material which delimits the cavities mustthen have a corresponding elastic configuration. This can be providedfor example with an open-pore foam.

The invention can also be implemented advantageously by thecavity/cavities being at least partially delimited by a partiallypermeable membrane.

For this purpose, a body consisting of an. open-pore foam can be sealedat the outside thereof at least partially by a semipermeable membrane ora closed-pore foam can consist of a partially permeable material.Through the membranes, a material transport can be respectively effectedspecifically, which material transport fills or empties thecavity/cavities and hence effects or assists expansion/compression ofthe body.

A cavity can be filled with a liquid which, together with the membraneused and as a function of the liquid in which the pump can be inserted,in particular human blood, allows diffusion into the cavity/cavities asa result of osmosis, which leads to an increase in pressure and topumping-up of the rotor.

Likewise, also materials can be used as cavity-delimiting material or asa filler of the cavities, which, after coming in contact with the liquidto be conveyed, lead to swelling processes as a result of absorption ofthe liquid and hence assist decompression of the rotor via an increasein volume.

As partially permeable membrane for delimiting cavities, there can beused, according to the used filling materials for the cavities and thematerials which are intended to be allowed through or held back,membranes of microfiltration (0.5-0.1 μm particle size), ultrafiltration(0.1-0.01 μm particle size) and nanofiltration (1-10 nm). Independentlyof the particle size, basically biological or synthetic membranematerials can be used (as biological materials, for example Cuprophan,Hemophan or cellulose triacetate, as synthetic membrane, for exampleTeflon or Goretex.

Synthetic materials in general have a higher water permeability and arethemselves often hydrophobic. There can be used as synthetic materials,polysylphone, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile and also copolymers thereofand also polymethylmethacrylates, polytetrafluoroethylene andderivatives thereof.

High-flux membranes are advantageously used, which allow throughmolecules up to a molecular weight of 50,000 Dalton and which ensurerapid material transport.

Advantageously, the material is chosen such that it retainsgerms/bacteria/microorganisms preventing contamination or infection.

In the case of an osmosis process, filling the cavities with a salt or asalt solution, the salt concentration of which is higher than that ofthe liquids to be conveyed, is possible.

Advantageously, it can also be provided that at least the predominantpart of the cavities is/are surrounded by solid material of the rotorand connected to each other via openings. In this case, duringcompression, a fluid transport can take place via the cavities andpossibly also out of the rotor so that the corresponding cavities can beeasily compressed entirely.

The rotor can consist for example partially of a porous material, suchas foam, in particular polyurethane. Such a foam can be open- orclosed-pore. In the case of an open-pore foam, the elasticity is basedon the supporting material which surrounds the pores and moves aftercompression by itself back into its original form, the gas or fluidbeing able to flow back into the pores, and/or based on the elasticityof a filler gas if the open-pore foam body is surrounded entirely by animpermeable or partially permeable outer layer. Due to the limited flowcross-sections of the connections of the cavities/pores to each other, atime constant in the compression/decompression can be chosen withinspecific limits. This can ensure, during operation of the pump, thatsudden deformations of the rotor due to irregular mechanical loading arecounteracted.

The invention can advantageously also provide that the rotor has atleast one cavity which has a greater extension in a first direction thanin the directions essentially perpendicular thereto.

Provision of such anisotropic cavities, with correct positioning, alsopermits production of anisotropic mechanical properties of the rotor. Asa result, it is possible to design the latter to be compressibleradially in a simple manner and with low force expenditure without thesame slight deformability occurring during operation due to the dynamicresistance of the fluid to be conveyed.

During operation, the rotor is hence stabilised relative to the forcesacting axially and in the circumferential direction whilst it offersrelatively low resistances to radial compression.

The corresponding cavities can be configured, in cross-section, to befor example round, hexagonal, triangular or square and have for examplea strand shape so that their cross-section is essentially the sameoverall along it length. As a result, symmetry which serves forstability of the rotor is produced.

Corresponding cavities can be provided for example particularlyadvantageously in at least one blade since said cavities carry thelargest proportion of the diameter reduction of the rotor, on the onehand, and, on the other hand, are subjected to the highest dynamicforces during operation.

However, the blade can have such a stable configuration that it isself-supporting and a hub can even be dispensed with. Such a blade canbe configured for example as a flat body, which is bent in a spiralabout an axis, in particular made of foam. For example, for productionthereof, a polyurethane foam plate can be cut, as desired, in a flatshape, thereafter rotated about an axis and then hardened or stiffened.The shape of the blade is hence stabilised but an elasticcompressibility is provided furthermore.

However it can also be provided to produce such a blade or an entirerotor by spraying a foam into a pre-manufactured mould.

The invention can also be used with rotors provided with hubs and, inthis case, the hub body in particular can have the cavities according tothe invention or be produced at least partially from a foam.

If anisotropic cavities are provided in the rotor, then it isadvantageous to align these in the direction of their greatest stabilityalong the force/stress extension lines which arise within the rotorduring operation.

For example, the longitudinal axes of strand-shaped cavities, such asfor example honeycomb bodies, can be orientated perpendicular to theblade surface in order to support forces acting in this direction orcircumferential direction.

The object of producing a rotor which has as simple a construction aspossible, which is compressible to a high degree (in particularreversibly) and is reliable in operation is achieved in addition by acompressible rotor for a fluid pump having at least one blade, the rotorbeing constructed such that it can adopt a compressed and a decompressedstate and the average change in density of the rotor material betweencompressed and decompressed state is at least 10%.

It is hereby important, as a delimitation from the state of the art,that the volume change occurs above all also by changes in the densityof the rotor material. What is involved here therefore is not merelyelastic deformation processes in which the average density of the rotormaterial is essentially constant. The mentioned change in density is“temperature-adjusted”, i.e. it is the change in density with a warmrotor at e.g. 36° C. which is the basis for the compressed anddecompressed state.

In order to produce this change in density, the approaches mentioned inthis application can be chosen. Both reversible and irreversible methodsare hereby considered. These are e.g. osmotic processes, however alsoprocesses in which open-pore or closed-pore foam is used.

The change in density of the rotor need not be uniform at all places,for example it is possible that, in the region of a hub or of the blade,a smaller change in density is achieved because of the possibly desiredhigher rigidity there and, in the region of a virtual “joint”′ betweenhub and blade, a stronger compression takes place.

The average change in density of the entire rotor can preferably also beeven greater, for example at least 15%, alternatively at least 20%. Withrespect to a plastic material, starting values, by way of example, forthe density are 0.01 . . . 2 g/cm³ in the decompressed state and 0.05 .. . 3 g/cm³ in the compressed state.

The invention relates, apart from to a rotor of the described type, alsoto a fluid pump having such a rotor, in which a compressible housingsurrounding the rotor is provided.

According to the invention, the housing can consist at least partiallyalso of a material which has cavities, in particular a foam, for examplepolyurethane. In this way, the housing can be compressed anddecompressed simply together with the rotor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is shown in a drawing and subsequently described withreference to an embodiment in the following.

There are thereby shown

FIG. 1 a schematic view of an axial pump in use in the body of apatient,

FIG. 2 an enlarged view of a pump, partially in longitudinal section,

FIG. 3 a rotor in three-dimensional view with hub,

FIG. 4 a rotor without hub in three-dimensional view,

FIG. 5 a part of a blade in a partially opened-up representation withhoneycomb-shaped cavities,

FIG. 6 a section through a porous material,

FIG. 7 three-dimensionally, a possible shape of cavities,

FIG. 8 three-dimensionally, a further possible shape of cavities,

FIG. 9 a structure having circular cylindrical cavities,

FIG. 10 a structure having hexagonal honeycomb-shaped cavities in thedensest arrangement and

FIG. 11 a structure having octagonal honeycomb-shaped spaces and furthercavities situated therebetween.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an axial pump having a rotor 2 and a housing 3 in theinterior of a ventricle 4 in schematic view.

Within the ventricle 4, blood is suctioned in through openings 5 by thepump 1 as indicated by the arrows 6. The blood is expelled again in thedirection of the arrows 34 within a blood vessel 7 and hence the pumpingfunction of the heart is replaced or assisted.

The pump 1 is disposed at the distal end of a hollow catheter 8 which isinserted through the blood vessel 7 into the ventricle 4 and theproximal end thereof protrudes through a lock 9 out of the blood vesseland ultimately out of the body of the patient.

A drive shaft 10 which can be actuated, with a high speed of rotation,typically above 10,000 revolutions per minute, by means of a motor 11which is disposed outside the body, is provided within the hollowcatheter 8. In the pump 1, the rotor 2 is connected to the shaft 10 androtates with the latter.

The pump 1 has a greater diameter during operation within the ventricle4 than during introduction through the blood vessel 7. It can have inparticular a greater diameter than the inner diameter of the bloodvessel.

In order to remove the pump from the body, the latter is compressedagain and retracted through the lock 9.

FIG. 2 shows schematically the pump in enlarged form, the end of thehollow catheter 8 being illustrated in the lower region with acompression funnel 12.

The shaft 10 extends through the hollow catheter 8 and is mountedrotatably in a bearing 13 at the proximal end of the pump housing 3. Thebearing can be designed such that it has a tension-resistantconfiguration so that the pump housing 3 can be retracted on the shaft10 at least some distance into the compression funnel 12 and hence isradially compressible at the same time. The housing can also beretractable by means of an additional cable extending through the hollowcatheter.

The shaft 10 is connected to the hub body 14 of the rotor 15 which, forits part, is mounted either directly or via a shaft extension 16 on thedistal end of the pump housing 3, once again rotatably in a secondbearing 17. This bearing also can have a tension-resistant configurationin order to transmit tensile forces by means of the shaft 10 and therotor 15 to the housing.

The mounting 17 is secured in a strut arrangement 18 of the pump housing3, which strut arrangement has sufficient openings to allow blood orother body fluids to flow in towards the rotor.

The front contour of the pump housing is designated with 19 and has agrating-shaped configuration in order, on the one hand, to avoid directcontact with the rotor when the pump strikes against the body tissueand, on the other hand, to keep larger particles remote during suction.

When introducing the pump, firstly the pump housing 3 and the rotor 15can be greatly compressed radially and mounted at the distal end of thehollow catheter 8 in the latter. After introduction into a ventricle,the pump can be pushed some distance out of the catheter 8 by means ofthe shaft and unfold automatically because of elastic effect. The pumphousing 3 thereby unfolds to the illustrated diameter and, at the sametime, the blades 20 are raised away from the hub body 14 and are removedfrom the axis of rotation 21.

The pushing of the pump 1 out of the hollow catheter 8 can be achieved,alternatively or additionally to the thrust movement via the shaft 10,also by means of further cables 22, 23 which are guided closely in or onthe hollow catheter and hence allow both tensile and pressure movements.These cables 22, 23 can be secured at the proximal end outside thepatient's body on a manipulation ring which can be pushed and pulledfrom outside. The cables can be guided close to and axially displaceablyin guides on the outside of the hollow catheter.

The pump housing 3 can consist of an open-pore foam or a closed-porefoam and consequently have an elastic configuration. However, alsolarger cavities can be provided there, which have a fluid suctioned outor are filled with a fluid for example by means of a hose 24 which isconnected at the proximal end to a gas reservoir or a pump in order tocompress or expand/decompress the pump.

By means of the compression movement of the housing, also the rotor 15can be compressed by pressure exerted radially thereon. However, therotor can also be compressed automatically likewise by suction of afluid out of corresponding cavities or its compression can at least beassisted by such. an effect.

A corresponding compression and decompression effect can however beprovided also solely by pushing the pump out of the hollow catheter andinserting it into the compression connection pipe 12.

In FIG. 3 , a rotor having a circumferential blade 25 is shown inthree-dimensional view, rotor and blade being able to be produced in onepiece, for example from a foam material, e.g. made of polyurethane.Alternatively or additionally thereto, also larger cavities can beprovided, in particular in the hub, but also in the blade 25.

FIG. 4 shows a blade 26 which is self-supporting, for example it canconsist of a foam and have a hub-free design. It is cut for example outof a flat material and rotates at the proximal and distal end mutuallyabout a longitudinal axis 21 in order to produce the correspondingspiral shape. For example, such a blade can consist of a foam, be cutcorrespondingly out of a flat foam material, thereafter be brought intothe spiral shape and subsequently heated in order to stabilise thespiral shape after cooling. Thereafter, the body is stable enough tomaintain the desired shape during the pump operation but cannevertheless be compressed radially when applying a correspondingcompression force.

In FIG. 5 , a section from a blade 26 is shown schematically, it beingillustrated that honeycomb-shaped cavities 27 which have a hexagonalconfiguration in cross-section are perpendicular to the blade surface bytheir longitudinal axes 33. In this way, a strongly anisotropicstability can be produced, which leads to the fact that the blade canexert great forces on a fluid in the direction perpendicular to itsconveying surface and in the circumferential direction without deformingsignificantly, that the blade however is more easily compressible by theeffect of radial forces with respect to its axis of rotation.

Instead of the honeycomb-shaped cavities 27, also cavities shapeddifferently in cross-section are conceivable, as are represented inFIGS. 7-11 . FIG. 7 thereby shows cuboid cavities, FIG. 8 cavities instrand shape with a rounded cuboid shape, FIG. 9 circular cylinders,FIG. 10 hexagonal honeycomb shapes in the densest packing and FIG. 11octagonal honeycomb shapes in a dispersed arrangement with squareintermediate spaces in cross-section.

Within a hub body which is for instance present, such cavities can forexample be aligned in the circumferential direction relative to the axisof rotation 21 of the hub by their longitudinal axes.

FIG. 6 shows, in greatly enlarged, microscopic representation, a foam 32having closed pores 28, 29, the material of the walls between the poresbeing configured, in a variant (cavity 28), as semipermeable membrane.Such a membrane allows the diffusion of specific liquids, which can beused for example for an osmotic effect. If the cavities/pores 28 arefilled for example with a liquid in which a salt in highly concentratedform is dissolved and if the foam is brought into a liquid which has alower solution concentration, then the combination tends to bring theconcentrations of both liquids to approximate to each other such thatthe solvent diffuses from outside into the interior of the cavity 28through the membrane 30. As a result, an increased osmotic pressure isproduced and can be used to pump up the cavity 28 into the shapeillustrated in broken lines. As a result, an expansion and stiffening ofthe foam can be achieved.

This effect can be used specifically also for larger cavities in therotor body. Alternatively, also swelling processes can be used to expandthe rotor.

In connection with the cavity 29, a hose 31 is represented andsymbolises that corresponding cavities can also be filled with a fluidvia individual or collective supply lines or that such a fluid can besuctioned out of them in order to control correspondingdecompression/compression processes.

The invention hence produces a rotor which is compressible to a largedegree, materials which are already extensively common elsewhere beingable to be used for production thereof, which materials have alreadybeen tested for the most part also in the medical field. Despite a highpossible degree of compression, reliable functioning of a correspondingfluid pump is hence ensured.

The present subject-matter relates, inter alia, to the followingaspects:

-   -   1. Compressible rotor for a fluid pump having at least one blade        and having at least one deformable cavity which is filled or can        be filled with a fluid, characterised in that the        cavity/cavities is/are delimited at least partially by a        partially permeable membrane.    -   2. Rotor according to aspect 1, characterised in that the        cavity/cavities is/are closed.    -   3. Rotor according to aspect 1 or 2, characterised in that the        at least one cavity is filled with a liquid which, in        cooperation with the membrane and a liquid in which the pump can        be inserted, in particular blood, effects an osmotic diffusion        into the cavity with a corresponding increase in pressure.    -   4. Rotor according to aspect 1 or one of the following,        characterised in that a part of the cavities is surrounded by a        solid material of the rotor and connected via openings to the        exterior and/or to each other.    -   5. Rotor according to aspect 1 or one of the following,        characterised in that the rotor consists at least partially of a        porous material, in particular foam.    -   6. Rotor according to aspect 1 or one of the following,        characterised by at least one cavity which has a greater        extension in a first direction than in the directions        essentially perpendicular thereto.    -   7. Rotor according to aspect 6, characterised in that the        cavity/cavities is/are configured, in cross-section, to be round        or polygonal, in particular octagonal, hexagonal, triangular or        square.    -   8. Rotor according to aspect 6 or 7, characterised in that the        cavity/cavities have a strand shape.    -   9. Rotor according to aspect 7 or 8, characterised in that the        cavities are orientated with the direction of their greatest        stability, in particular their longitudinal axis, in the        direction of the pressure forces which arise within the rotor        during operation.    -   10. Rotor according to aspect 1 or one of the following,        characterised in that the cavity/cavities is/are provided in at        least one blade.    -   11. Rotor according to aspect 1 or one of the following,        characterised in that the blade is configured to be        self-supporting and hub-free.    -   12. Rotor according to one of the aspects 1 to 11, characterised        in that the cavity/cavities are provided in a hub body.    -   13. Fluid pump having a rotor according to one of the aspects 1        to 12, characterised in that a compressible housing surrounding        the rotor is provided.    -   14. Fluid pump according to aspect 13, characterised in that the        housing consists at least partially of a material comprising        cavities, in particular a foam.    -   15. Compressible rotor for a fluid pump having at least one        blade, the rotor being constructed such that it can adopt a        compressed and a decompressed state and the average change in        density of the rotor material between compressed and        decompressed state is at least 10%.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compressible rotor for a fluid pumpcomprising: at least one blade; and one or more deformable cavitiesdisposed within the at least one blade, the one or more deformablecavities being delimited at least partially by a semipermeable membrane,wherein the one or more deformable cavities are filled with an absorbentmaterial configured to expand in volume when exposed to a fluid, andwherein the semipermeable membrane is configured to allow the fluid todiffuse into the one or more deformable cavities when the compressiblerotor is submerged in the fluid.
 2. The rotor according to claim 1,wherein a first cavity of the one or more deformable cavities isconnected via openings to a second cavity of the one or more deformablecavities.
 3. The rotor according to claim 2, wherein the rotor comprisesa porous material, and wherein the one or more deformable cavities areone or more pores in the porous material.
 4. The rotor according toclaim 3, wherein the one or more deformable cavities form a honeycombstructure, wherein each cavity of the one or more deformable cavitieshas a longitudinal axis, a first end, a second end, and a wall arrangedabout the longitudinal axis, wherein at least one cavity of the one ormore deformable cavities has a length measured along the longitudinalaxis between the first end and the second end of the at least onecavity, wherein the at least one cavity has a width measuredperpendicular to the longitudinal axis between opposing sides of thewall of the at least one cavity, and wherein the length of the at leastone cavity is greater than the width of the at least one cavity.
 5. Therotor according to claim 4, wherein wherein each cavity of the one ormore deformable cavities is configured, in cross-section, to be round orpolygonal.
 6. The rotor according to claim 4, wherein, for each givencavity of the one or more deformable cavities, the first end is definedby a conveying surface which is oriented substantially perpendicular tothe longitudinal axis of the given cavity, and wherein the conveyingsurfaces of the one or more deformable cavities collectively form atleast a portion of an outer surface of the rotor.
 7. The rotor accordingto claim 1, further comprising a hub body to which the at least oneblade connects, wherein, in addition to the one or more deformablecavities of the at least one blade, the hub body also comprises at leastone deformable cavity.
 8. The rotor according to claim 1, furthercomprising a compressible housing surrounding the at least one blade. 9.The rotor according to claim 8, wherein, in addition to the one or moredeformable cavities of the at least one blade, the compressible housingalso comprises one or more deformable cavities.
 10. The rotor accordingto claim 3, wherein the porous material is foam.
 11. The rotor accordingto claim 5, wherein each cavity of the one or more deformable cavitiesis configured, in cross-section, to be octagonal, hexagonal, triangular,or square.
 12. The rotor according to claim 9, wherein the compressiblehousing comprises a foam having pores, and wherein the one or moredeformable cavities of the compressible housing are one or more pores inthe foam.